Partition Offset Information (Part II)

How to check if a partition is aligned?
Seagate has created a simple Windows utility, Partition Offset Information, to read and display the starting LBA for every partition. This tool can analyze the starting sector of a partition if it is misaligned or not.

In the example below, drive C: is a generic drive (ST9160823AS) with 512 bytes per sector. Drives F:, G: and H: are logical drives, all on the ST32000540AS which has a 4096 byte (4KiB) sector size and an Alignment of 0.

Partition Offset Information

Partition Offset Information

If the alignment on the ST32000540AS was 1, instead of 0, the display would look like this:

Partition Offset Information

Partition Offset Information

Notice: the the RED exclamation marks. These marks indicate that the Logical Volumes (drive letters) in this partitioning arrangement are not aligned with the physical sectors on the disk drive. Normal 4K disk drives will ship with Alignment 0. Drives with Alignment 1 and not typical and the example above is shown only for comparison purposes.

It is important to understand that the drive operates with the same reliability, but just a little bit slower when WRITING to the drive. It runs the same when READING which accounts for the majority of activity on a disk drive.

Useful link: Download Partition Offset Information

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Two Main Reasons Cause the Data Loss?

1. Logical Damage
Logical damage is primarily caused by power outages that prevent file system structures from being completely written to the storage medium, but problems with hardware (especially RAID controllers) and drivers, as well as system crashes, can have the same effect. The result is that the file system is left in an inconsistent state. This can cause a variety of problems, such as strange behavior (e.g., infinitely recursion directories, drives reporting negative amounts of free space), system crashes, or an actual loss of data. Various programs exist to correct these inconsistencies, and most operating systems come with at least a rudimentary repair tool for their native file systems. Third-party utilities are also available, and some can produce superior results by recovering data even when the disk can’t be recognized by the operating system’s repair utility.

Two main techniques are used by these repair programs.
The first, consistency checking, involves scanning the logical structure of the disk and checking to make sure that it is consistent with its specification. For instance, in most file systems, a directory must have at least two entries: a dot (.) entry that points to itself, and a dot-dot (..) entry that points to its parent. A file system repair program can read each directory and make sure that these entries exist and point to the correct directories. If they do not, an error message can be printed and the problem corrected. If the file system is sufficiently damaged, the consistency check can fail completely. In this case, the repair program may crash trying to deal with the mangled input, or it may not recognize the drive as having a valid file system at all.

The second technique for file system repair is to assume very little about the state of the file system to be analyzed and to, using any hints that any undamaged file system structures might provide, rebuild the file system from scratch. This strategy involves scanning the entire drive and making note of all file system structures and possible file boundaries, then trying to match what was located to the specifications of a working file system. However, recover data even when the logical structures are almost completely destroyed. This technique generally does not repair the underlying file system, but merely allows for data to be extracted from it to another storage device.

2. Physical Damage
A wide variety of failures can cause physical damage to storage media. Hard disks may suffer any of several mechanical failures, such as head crashes and failed motors. Physical damage always causes at least some data loss, and in many cases the logical structures of the file system are damaged as well. This causes logical damage that must be dealt with before any files can be recovered.

Most physical damage cannot be repaired by end users. For example, opening a hard disk in a normal environment can cause dust to settle on the surface, causing further damage to the platters. Furthermore, end users generally do not have the hardware or technical expertise required to make these sorts of repairs; therefore, data recovery companies are consulted. These firms use Class 100 clean room facilities to protect the media while repairs are made, and tools such as magnetometers to manually read the bits off failed magnetic media. The extracted raw bits can be used to reconstruct a disk image, which can then be mounted to have its logical damage repaired. Once that is complete, the files can be extracted from the image.

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Seatools For DOS Tutorial

Seatools For Dos SeaTools for DOS is a comprehensive, easy-to-use diagnostic tool that helps you quickly determine what is preventing you from accessing data on your desktop or notebook computer. It includes several tests that will examine the physical media on your Seagate or Maxtor disc drive and any non-Seagate disc drive. This is the walk-through for both the old (text) and new (GUI) version.

In order to use SeaTools for DOS choose to download the floppy diskette version or the bootable CD image version.

Creating a Diskette

For the floppy diskette version you will need one 1.44MB floppy diskette. Click the .EXE file downloaded from the Seagate web site and follow the on-screen instructions.

Creating a CD using the bootable CD image .ISO file.

Just copying the files to a CD will not work; the file must be burned as an image to the CD.

Once the bootable media has been created then boot the computer with the media in the drive. If it doesn’t boot from the media the boot order may need to be adjusted in the computer BIOS.

This document will cover a Graphical and a text version of Seatools for DOS. Find the guide to the graphical version immediately below.

SeaTools for Dos will not detect external drives. Please use SeaTools for Windows to test external drives.

SeaTools for DOS, Graphical version

At bootup, you will see an End User License Agreement:

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Simply click “I Accept” to continue.
This will take you to the main menu page.

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Under the Basic menu:

  • Short test – Runs a DST test against Seagate drives. If DST is not supported by the drive, Seatools runs a read test. This test takes about 2 minutes.
  • Long test – Runs a full scan of the drive. This is usually used to find and repair bad sectors.
  • Acoustic test – Spins the drive down so you can determine if noise in a system is caused by the drive or by something else.

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Advanced Features

  • Set Capacity to 32GB – Limits drive to 32GB for use on Pentium 3 or older systems.
  • Set Capacity manually – Limits drive to a specific number of Logical Block Addresses (LBAs), useful when replacing an unusual drive size in a RAID.
  • Set Capacity to MAX – Used to resize drive to full capacity (does not bypass the limit capacity jumper).
  • Erase Track Zero – Quick Zero fill to erase the data and partitions from a drive. This option requires one second to complete.
  • Timed Erase (10 second, 20 seconds, 1 minute, 5 minutes) – Handy for when quick zero fill just doesn’t get it all (ie, in case of boot loaders, etc).
  • Full Erase – Fills the entire drive with zeros. It can be used to recover bad sectors and erases all data.  This is not a Secure erase .

Below is the Results and Progress screen:

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  1. Model number and Serial number for drive selected.
  2. Drive status and supported features displayed.
  3. POH – Power on hours displayed; and Drive temperature in Celsius.

-Click View log to open the log file once the test is complete (won’t show much more than what is on the screen).

SeaTools for DOS, Text Version

Once you have booted into SeaTools a license agreement will appear.

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Read the agreement and press “Y” to accept the terms and continue to the testing or press ‘”N” to exit the program. Use the Page Up and Page Down keys to scroll.

Once you agree to the license terms the testing screen will appear.

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See here the varying elements of the old version’s testing screen.

  • D or 0-9 – Switches drives – Select which drive to perform actions on (see device area for correlating number).
  • S – Short test – Runs a Drive Self-Test (DST) test against Seagate drives. (If DST is not supported, Seatools runs a read test). Takes about 2 minutes.
  • L – Long test – Full scan of the drive. Usually used to find and repair bad sectors.
  • Z – Zero Fill – Wipes out the data on the drive. Good for erasing corrupted or unusual partitions. It will erase ALL partitions and data on the drive. Quick and Long options supported.
  • A – Spin down drive (for Acoustic test) – Spins the drive down so you can determine if noise in a system is caused by the drive or by something else.
  • C – Set Capacity – Used to set drive capacity to surpass the common 32GB and 137 GB limits. Also used for drives that get clipped to a lower capacity.
  • V – View log file – Pulls up the log file for review.

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The explanation for the multi-colored text near the bottom follows:
White text: The device (ie, Device 0) and its model and serial numbers.
Yellow text: The motherboard chipset.
Aqua text: Whether the motherboard supports 48-bit Logical Block Addressing, and the Maximum LBA for this drive along with its capacity.
Green text: SMART status. If SMART has been tripped, then there is no need to run a test. The drive should be replaced.
Green text: DST (Drive Self Test) support status – If DST is supported it will be used during testing.
Blue text: Operating temperature status – Current and Max registered temp – useful in determining if heat is a factor in drive trouble or drive failure. See Product manual for specified Operating temperature. The Worst Temp refers to the highest temp that the drive has ever experienced in its lifetime.
A common unusual reading displays 253 Celsius, which simply means that the drive does not support the temperature reading feature. It is nothing to worry about.
POH = Power on Hours – Tells how long the drive has been running in its total lifetime.

Acoustic Test

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Once activated, the drive will spin down so you can tell if noise is coming from the drive or other components (like a computer fan). The drive will remain spun down until user presses a key.
The Pop-up window will remain open for several seconds until the drive spins back up.

Set Capacity

  • S  – Set 32 GB Capacity: Useful for ATA drives on older motherboards that will lock up if the drive is larger than 32 GB. This solution sets the drive to 32 GB.  If too much capacity is lost, you can consider an add-in ATA controller that can fully support >32 GB.
  • R – Reset to Drive Maximum: Useful for both ATA and SATA drives that have been clipped (either manually or spontaneously) back to its maximum capacity.
  • M – Set Manually: Often useful for ATA and SATA drives as an alternative to attempt if the Reset to Maximum fails. Sometimes used to make all drives in a RAID array have the exact same size (use a specific number of sectors on the drive to set the size).
  • Q – Back to Main Menu.

Zero Fill
Main menu options: Z-Erase Drive is the zero-fill option.

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Here is the Zero-fill submenu.

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On the Zero Fill sub menu you have the following options:

  • Z – Quick Zero Fill (first 63 sectors of the drive, instantaneous)
  • A – Full Zero Fill (every sector of the drive, may take many hours)
  • F – Timed Zero fill where T adjusts the time.

Drive Information
This is the yellow text seen on the bottom of the main menu screen.

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Shows hard drives detected

  • Device number – Used to select which drive to test.
  • Model number
  • SN – Serial Number
  • FW – Firmware revision – Useful on SCSI and SATA products and a few ATA products.
  • Controller – Chipset to which the drive is connected. Useful for some SATA and capacity issues. If it is an old chipset, the 28-bit LBA limit may apply, and so the chipset may only support SATA speeds of 1.5Gb/s.

If a drive does not show up in this area then power off the computer and confirm the drive is installed correctly.
View the installation assistance page for details on configuring various types of drives.

Log File
Log file is stored on boot media if writeable or in memory for the CD version. It is stored as: Serial#.LOG
Ex: 5NF0R4RC.LOG
To view log in software, press V.
To exit log viewer, press the Escape key.

Test Status (during a DST)

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During a test the top part of the display shows a progress bar and the middle area shows the results.
After the test is complete, the middle area continues to show the result, and the top goes back to showing command options.

Bad Sector Repair (Long Test)

If bad blocks are found during a long test, a prompt will ask how to proceed.
The screen below appears at the end of the scan or if the user aborts the test if bad sectors have been discovered on the drive.

Example:

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Follow the instructions on the screen to proceed.
For further information about SeaTools for DOS view the SeaTools for DOS User Guide.txt file.

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